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station this is houston are you ready

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for the event

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westwood one this is mission control

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houston please call station for a voice

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this is westwood one how do you hear me

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westwood one we have you loud and clear

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and we're ready for your questions

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welcome on board the international

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station this is westwood one how do you

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westwood one station has you loud and

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clear we're ready for your questions

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international space station commander

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jeff williams and flight engineer kate

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rubins of nasa are aboard the

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international space station 250 miles

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above the earth and join us hello and

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what part of the globe are you flying

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well you caught me off guard here we've

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been of course we orbit the earth every

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90 minutes so we could be any side of

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the globe i haven't looked for a little

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while but in about 15 minutes we're

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going to be heading over uh africa so i

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suspect that we're in uh

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crossing the atlantic right now so right

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now you are over the atlantic in about

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every uh 90 minutes or so you circle the

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globe what five five uh

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well five miles per second 17 500 miles

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an hour 25 000 kilometers per hour

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whatever units you want to use pretty

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fast commander williams you've been in

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space numerous times on this occasion

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you're going to be outside the space

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station tell us about the spacewalk and

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what you and flight engineer rubens will

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well kate and i are going to go out here

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in a little over two weeks

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and the primary task is to install

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an international docking adapter which

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is uh something new it's a new addition

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to the space station to enable the

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docking of the upcoming now being

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developed commercial crew vehicles that

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will be used to rotate

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space station crews from u.s soil virgin

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galactic was just granted a license from

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the faa to bring tourists into space

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commander would this docking station

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allow us folks to come aboard and join

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well

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potentially whoever can get on one of

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those vehicles destined to the space

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station

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could come join us and i guess we'll

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just have to wait and see who those

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folks are flight engineer kate rubins

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how realistic or how many years away do

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you believe affordable space travel for

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the average citizen is going to be

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yeah i think if you look at the history

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of aviation it took us a long time

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really to get to uh reliable commercial

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aviation and so it's actually extremely

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exciting i feel like we're in the middle

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of that process right now for space

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flight and we're seeing the development

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of a lot of new vehicles as jeff said

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we're going to start to launch from u.s

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soil soon

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so for us just to be on the ground floor

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and to be able to install something on

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the international space station that's

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going to help all these commercial

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vehicles is pretty exciting she has a

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degree in molecular biology and a phd in

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cancer biology from stanford university

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dr rubins you've done a lot of research

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on hiv and infectious disease and you

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you help the army develop an ebola

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therapy a big issue across the u.s and

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central and southern america right now

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concerns the zika virus i'm sure you are

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doing a lot of research in space on

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issues like osteoporosis for instance

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but let me ask you are you researching

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well that's a good question and

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we actually have a specific level of

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biosafety that we allow on board because

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we're in this closed environment so we

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constantly recycle our air and our water

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so we couldn't have something

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that's a dangerous pathogen on board but

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what we can observe is what happens to

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common human pathogens and so we do know

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that just the viruses that you carry in

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your body reactivate and become a little

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bit more virulent on board that's going

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to help us learn a lot about basic virus

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immune system interaction and some

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fundamental understanding of what makes

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viruses tick and how humans can fight

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them better so in addition to your

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spacewalk and your duties as flight

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engineer are you personally conducting

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actually i don't even uh really feel the

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need to do that much personal research

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up here it's so much fun to just be able

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to participate in about a hundred

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different scientific experiments there's

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a few things that i want to pull out on

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the weekend just to see how fluids move

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around and do a couple videos to

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demonstrate some of the unique

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properties of microgravity back on earth

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right now i'm just having fun being the

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uh the technician for all of these folks

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research up here we've got like you said

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a variety of heart cell and osteoblast

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research and just too numerous to

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mention commander williams the astronaut

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who currently holds the american record

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for most time spent in space is

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astronaut scott kelly at 340 days but

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uh yeah i keep getting reminded of that

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um i'd like to to i mean it's

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it's been an honor to be uh to have

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throughout my career the the opportunity

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to watch the space station grow to work

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on it before the the first the launch of

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the first element and then to

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participate in the building of it in

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different phases and now to see it in

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full utilization mode so that's the

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really uh the the tribute is to the the

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international team and the partnership

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that made this magnificent orbital

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outpost

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in laboratory

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possible not bad for a guy who graduated

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first in his class in u.s navy test

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pilot school in 1993 how does test pilot

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school differ from the top gun program

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well the test pilot school military test

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pilot school trains you to evaluate

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aircraft based on their air worthiness

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and how the systems perform so rather

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than just flying operationally you know

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you're you're spending a lot of time

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you'll learn how to pay attention to the

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details and the flight characteristics

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to try to improve the handling qualities

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and the flying characteristics of

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aircraft so it's more of an engineering

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job

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experience to have to prepare you for

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what we do here because we're evaluating

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things and

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executing new procedures and using new

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equipment all the time up here certainly

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isis

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international space station commander

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jeff williams and flight engineer kate

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rubins of nasa how do we follow you each

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so i'm trying to do a few posts to the

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at nasa astronauts account and that's

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actually a great account you can follow

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all the nasa astronauts there and you

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can also look at iss research or

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international space station accounts and

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that will update you about all the

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experiments uh the exciting science some

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of the eva tests we have up here

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and we'll be watching you both uh during

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the spacewalk good luck to you both

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thank you very much it was great to have

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station this is houston acr that

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concludes the one one portion of the

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event please stand by for a voice check

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hello international space station this

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this is the international space station

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we have you loud and clear and we're

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ready for your questions

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uh good morning commander williams and

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great it is great to talk to you

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it's great to talk to you um i'm going

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to

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did i hear that you guys were moving

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yeah we're uh we're actually going to be

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flying over africa pretty shortly uh we

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we just went and checked the the

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position on the globe

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okay

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i i want to begin with some scientific

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research questions and then move on to

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your upcoming space walk

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dr rubens you spent some time this week

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doing heart research what were you

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yeah so this is actually a great

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capability for the space station we're

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checking out

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the ability to grow heart cells

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cardiomyocytes in uh in the scientific

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terminology and we're going to see we're

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seeing if we can actually grow those in

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space one of the reasons that we're

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doing that is while we're in space we

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actually have an upward shift of our

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fluid without gravity it doesn't drain

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your fluid down into your legs and so

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this puts some unique stresses on your

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heart and the cardiovascular system and

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we're hoping that by culturing some of

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these cardiomyocytes on board we can

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actually learn more about how heart

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cells organize how they beat an orbit

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and their their function and uh their

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molecular readout these cells are going

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to be sent back down to the ground on

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the spacex nine vehicle and the

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scientists on the ground can analyze

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them okay

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um are you

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looking at your own heart while you're

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in space i know you guys do a lot on

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yeah we sure are and this is one of the

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fascinating things about the space

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station

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is that it drives this kind of research

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in a remote environment so we actually

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have a team of folks on the ground

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who've developed some really fantastic

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techniques for guiding us using

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ultrasound on board so we're not

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ultrasound specialists we learn a little

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bit in training but we can actually use

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a remote guider and ultrasound our own

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hearts we can look at the valves we can

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look at the stroke volume a whole bunch

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of different things from the ground and

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this actually has a lot of use for the

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developing world for remote medicine

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anytime you can't get the patient and

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the doctor together in the same room you

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can use things like ultrasound and

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satellite networks to communicate

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medical information

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were you looking at the heart cells

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yes i sure was that actually was a great

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day on board space station to put out a

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very nice microscope and get it out and

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look through the lens for the first time

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okay i was wondering whether the

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experience of

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looking through a microscope in

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microgravity is different than it is on

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you know i think folks were thinking

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about that a little bit because we had

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some discussions about how best to tack

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it down and if it was going to move

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around a lot and actually as soon as i

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put my eyes on the eyepieces i felt like

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i was in a lab back on earth doing my

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standard cell culture techniques so

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the microscope actually works

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phenomenally well on board

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it looks just like the cell culture that

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we see on the ground but we can observe

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all these interesting phenomena that

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happen in microgravity

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okay

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i've read that you were going to become

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the first astronaut to do dna sequencing

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in space that space station is that

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so we haven't done that yet and uh you

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know i think there's a lot of talk about

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me being the first astronaut to do it

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but really it's the first ground team to

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do it these are the guys that have done

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all the hard work there's a lot of folks

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at jsc at nasa ames

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at one of the companies that we're

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working with that have put together

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all of the technology development to do

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this sequencer on board and so it's a

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tech demo it's a proof of principle

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we're going to find out if this works in

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space we're going to try to understand

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how we can do dna sequencing and

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systems biology modern molecular biology

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while we're orbiting the earth

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okay

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uh

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is that an illumina thing it seems like

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everything that comes to dna sequencing

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yeah so um the technology that's been

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developed for the space station is

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actually an oxford nanopore it needs to

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be small and portable and remote and uh

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there's a lot of folks out there i think

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that are looking at a whole suite of

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different technologies anything that's a

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microfluidics chip would probably work

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really well up here okay

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uh you've had a great deal of

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experience studying viruses have you

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so we actually have a great amount of

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microbiology research up here which

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includes

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viruses and

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all bacterial organisms yeast fungi

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we have some individual experiments that

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will look in canisters

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that the astronauts can activate and

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look at various processes that are going

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on

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in in microbiological organisms but

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we're also studying the station as a

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whole so we're trying to understand the

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microbiological environment on space

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station bacteria viruses we normally

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carry bacteria with us all the time and

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we would expect that there's a lot of

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bacteria up here it's not a sterile

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environment it's a very nice and clean

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environment jeff and i try to keep it in

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ship shape along with our crewmate

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takuyo nishi and our russian cosmonauts

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but there is some interesting places to

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take a look at the microbiome of the

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space station so that's all part of the

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research that folks have developed and

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we're really looking at that plan as a

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whole to understand microbiology in

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microgravity okay um a reader wanted to

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know whether

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your sleep has been disrupted by being

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in space some astronauts have had

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trouble periodically with sleep how are

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so sleep is great up here it's actually

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a really nice resting state

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after you exercise it takes less time

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for your muscles to recover and

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so we look a little bit like

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zombies when we're sleeping

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are you tethered to a wall in a

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yeah we have a really small little crew

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quarters that we can use and and it's

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just a perfect amount of space we've got

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a sleeping bag on the wall and you can

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climb into your sleeping bag and go

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right to sleep here okay uh this

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question is for for the both of you you

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and commander williams are scheduled to

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do a joint space walk on august uh 19th

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in late terms what is the purpose of

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well we have a couple of tasks on the

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spacewalk but the primary one is to

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install the first international docking

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adapter on the very front end of the

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space station

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to

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enable an interface a docking interface

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for the future commercial

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crewed vehicles

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currently being developed

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by spacex and boeing those two companies

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and and hopefully flying here within the

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next couple three years

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to deliver crews to the international

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space station from u.s soil

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okay commander williams you have a great

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deal of experience doing space walks

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what kind of advice have you been

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passing on to dr rubin's for what will

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well i'm very confident in kate she's

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going to do very well out there but we

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we are talking about the

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uh the actual conditions of going

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outside and doing a space walk moving

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large masses to include yourself because

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the suit is several hundred pounds added

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to your body weight that's a a lot of

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mass to manage the techniques for the

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workspace will be rehearsing it's just

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like anything that's it's highly

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choreographed we're going to be

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rehearsing the details over and over

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again up to the the day of the spacewalk

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okay alaska a couple of questions uh

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will the confines of your helmet make it

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difficult to see beyond what you're

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well depends upon where you're facing uh

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if you're if your head is full of space

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station and you're buried in a work site

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then you don't see much other than that

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but oftentimes when you're translating

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around the outside of the space station

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or you get a free moment you can turn

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around and look out into deep space or

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look at the entire globe of the earth

402
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and those are some really memorable

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moments

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that i'm sure both of us will have in

405
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this upcoming spacewalk okay dr rubens

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you have a lot of experience as a scuba

407
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diver um how different is the sensation

408
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of moving in microgravity from moving in

409
00:16:57,749 --> 00:16:56,389
that's a great question and actually one

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of the things that i've been thinking

411
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about a lot ever since i've been up here

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is how similar the space station is to

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our training in the neutral buoyancy

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00:17:09,829 --> 00:17:07,679
laboratory at nasa so we have uh what's

415
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essentially a very large swimming pool

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with a lot of the parts of space station

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structure underwater and we spend

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00:17:19,829 --> 00:17:17,120
hundreds of hours training underwater in

419
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the space suit and so even things inside

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the cabin like jeff said moving large

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masses

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anytime you're trying to work with an

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object

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00:17:30,549 --> 00:17:28,400
you really see physics play out every

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day here and so a lot of those lessons

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that we learned in our training

427
00:17:37,990 --> 00:17:35,360
really apply inside the inside the space

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station as well i think uh on spacewalks

429
00:17:41,270 --> 00:17:39,679
so there's a lot of similarities to

430
00:17:43,190 --> 00:17:41,280
scuba diving there's even more

431
00:17:45,750 --> 00:17:43,200
similarities to our neutral buoyancy

432
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laboratory training okay when you and i

433
00:17:50,070 --> 00:17:48,240
spoke last october uh you said you would

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00:17:51,830 --> 00:17:50,080
be able to see la jolla from space

435
00:17:56,150 --> 00:17:51,840
station and that you hope to photograph

436
00:18:01,110 --> 00:17:58,390
yeah so we got a great california

437
00:18:03,510 --> 00:18:01,120
pass when i first arrived here and

438
00:18:06,070 --> 00:18:03,520
jeff showed me all up and down

439
00:18:08,310 --> 00:18:06,080
all the way from the southern california

440
00:18:09,430 --> 00:18:08,320
border with mexico we could see up

441
00:18:12,390 --> 00:18:09,440
through

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00:18:13,750 --> 00:18:12,400
oregon and into washington and so i got

443
00:18:15,830 --> 00:18:13,760
a great series of photographs of

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00:18:17,909 --> 00:18:15,840
california but i've been looking on the

445
00:18:20,070 --> 00:18:17,919
map and trying to see when we're exactly

446
00:18:23,029 --> 00:18:20,080
over la jolla that might be quite a few

447
00:18:24,549 --> 00:18:23,039
months yet until we get a good pass but

448
00:18:26,870 --> 00:18:24,559
i will make sure that i get some good

449
00:18:28,230 --> 00:18:26,880
photos for you okay what is the most

450
00:18:29,990 --> 00:18:28,240
interesting thing that you've seen

451
00:18:35,590 --> 00:18:30,000
through a lens of a camera up there what

452
00:18:39,270 --> 00:18:37,830
that is a really hard question i think

453
00:18:40,630 --> 00:18:39,280
basically every time you look through

454
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the lens of the camera there is

455
00:18:45,830 --> 00:18:43,520
something completely fascinating uh it

456
00:18:46,710 --> 00:18:45,840
just takes your breath away every time

457
00:18:48,950 --> 00:18:46,720
okay

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00:18:51,750 --> 00:18:48,960
i want to close by noting that uh your

459
00:18:54,150 --> 00:18:51,760
alma mater uh uc san diego will have

460
00:18:55,909 --> 00:18:54,160
about six thousand freshmen this fall

461
00:18:57,750 --> 00:18:55,919
do you have a message for young people

462
00:19:02,789 --> 00:18:57,760
like this about trying to find what it

463
00:19:07,830 --> 00:19:05,590
yeah i think actually um young folks

464
00:19:10,150 --> 00:19:07,840
usually have a good sense of what they

465
00:19:11,909 --> 00:19:10,160
want to do if you really ask them what

466
00:19:14,150 --> 00:19:11,919
drives you what's your passion what's

467
00:19:15,990 --> 00:19:14,160
your motivation that's usually in there

468
00:19:18,310 --> 00:19:16,000
somewhere and i think my message is to

469
00:19:20,470 --> 00:19:18,320
pay attention to that that that folks

470
00:19:22,390 --> 00:19:20,480
should find what really inspires them

471
00:19:25,590 --> 00:19:22,400
that they should always pursue what they

472
00:19:27,909 --> 00:19:25,600
want to do and if you're working hard

473
00:19:29,590 --> 00:19:27,919
and you're motivated about something

474
00:19:32,470 --> 00:19:29,600
young people can accomplish a lot i

475
00:19:34,230 --> 00:19:32,480
think the students at uc san diego have

476
00:19:35,909 --> 00:19:34,240
their whole future in front of them and

477
00:19:38,470 --> 00:19:35,919
i'm excited for them to get started in

478
00:19:40,070 --> 00:19:38,480
their freshman year good it's such a joy

479
00:19:41,830 --> 00:19:40,080
to talk to you i really appreciate it

480
00:19:45,510 --> 00:19:41,840
and good luck to both of you on your

481
00:19:48,549 --> 00:19:47,029
thank you very much it was great talking

482
00:19:50,830 --> 00:19:48,559
to you today as well

483
00:20:01,510 --> 00:19:54,470
you station this is houston acr thank

484
00:20:06,549 --> 00:20:03,909
thank you westwood 1 and the san diego